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Economy Poly Rope Halter With 7Ft Lead Pink

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Lickity Bits Horse Itty Bitty Bites Apple

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Mtx Magnum Mb210sp Dual 10 Enclosure/amp

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Timberland Men's Classic 3-Eye Oxford

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Cas Youth Inline Adjustable Skates Us Size

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Before we talk in regards to the gains of Alpha Lipoic Acid, we will briefly tell you when it comes to this nutrient. Discovered in the early 1950′s, alpha lipoic acid has only not so long ago become one of the most recognized and in-demand health supplements.

ALA is both fat and water soluble. This means that it may get into all cell parts to neutralize free radicals. It holds sulfur and is a vitamin like phyto-nutrient. It works like an antioxidant meaning it fights free radicals and improves recovery. AlA is not your intermediate antio oxidant, infact, ala is known to be a very potent antio oxidant because studies show it is readily absorbed all around the body (it is both water and fat soluble) and, because of this, may protect the integrity of cells ranging from the brain to the liver.

Benefits of Alpha Lipoic Acid

ALA mimics insulin which may heighten the body’s sensitivity to insulin. This helps to improve the capacity of the body to build lean body mass and reduce fat. This may be good if you are attempting to gain a heap of healthful muscle mass, It also works with creatine to promote energy and improve your frequent metabolism.

ALA may treat such conditions as HIV, Type II Diabetes, Hyperglycemia, and glaucoma. It may likewise treat hepatitis, and obesity. It is used to help the best cardiovascular and mental health, liver function, ocular -eye health, and a healthful immune system.

Furhter gains of Alpha Lipoic Acid

Glutathione is intensified by ALA. It helps the liver to detoxify itself. The nutrient protects the brain from free radical damage. Low levels (deficiency) have been related with a good deal of brain disorders, such as stroke, dementia, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s.

On a negative note, the humane body does not give rise to any surplus of alpha-lipoic acid naturally, and it is only in this surplus “free” state that it acts as a potent antioxidant.

The body gives rise to ALA in very little quantities, due to this fact, those who want the best possible therapeutic gains of Alpha Lipoic Acid may wish to consider using a supplement.

Because alpha lipoic acid is believed to be such a powerful and potent antioxidant, it is now applied to treat and prevent a wide array of age related diseases, including diabetes, cataracts, heart disease, and Alzheimer’s. The nutrient is also known to bosst ones immune system.

Our Opinion on using ALA

Anyone with Diabetes must only use this supplement if they have the approval of their doctor. ALA may reduce the need for Diabetic medications. Blood sugar numbers could drop too low causing a host of other problems. The long term effects of taking big doses of ALA are not known at this time and exploration even though in it is early stages, is ongoing.

Although the nutrient has been researched extensive for it is capacity in formulating extra energy within the humane body, we do not recognise of any long term and any major studies on using alpha-lipoic acid usage long term.

Because of this, we would advise that a person will have to in general be cautious and choose a low dosage level from 10 mg to 50 mg. Try not go any higher than this if you want the best possible gains of Alpha Lipoic Acid.

This level as noted from research, would grant a person to capture a good deal of of the distinctive antioxidant shelter of alpha-lipoic acid.

Our Tips For Choosing an Alpha-Lipoic Supplement

1. Alpha-lipoic acid may be purchased as a stand alone supplement or, as portion of a more comprehensive scientifically based formula.

We advise that you go with a comprehensive based formula, and, in another primary point to note is that, one ought to be sure that the formulation includes Vitamin C and Vitamin E, this is because it works together – synergistically by recycling these other primary antioxidants, heightening their effectiveness, making them much more beneficial to you as vitamins.

2. We have found out that if you genuinely do want the best possible gains of alpha lipoic acid, and then make sure your supplements are fabricated at pharmaceutical GMP facilities, such places comply with the strictest fabricating and processing standards for nutritional supplements.

The importance of the above needs to be heard by each buyer of health supplements, since a lot of supplements in the heath industry today, due to loose regulatory control in the U.S, may harbor contaminants that genuinely impair your health. We want you to use supplements that improve your health, that’s why we expended a lot of time researching the best supplements, and that’s why we personally wouldn’t commend any supplement we don’t already use ourselves.

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The groups of fishes ordinarily referred to as Cichlids, integrate a vast group of, in general more spectacular and more aggressive fishes from Africa and South and Central America with a few species being found in Asia. They offer such a huge assortment of bright colors, shapes and habits that they have become one of the most popular fishes held by hobbyist’s world wide.

Such is the diversity of species, breeding habits and feeding that it becomes necessary to set up dissimilar groups of Cichlids in dissimilar tanks. Some of these include African Cichlids, American Cichlids, Dwarf Cichlids or Discus. It is commonly commended that you keep these like minded fishes together and don’t mix them in general.

Selecting and Positioning Your Tank

Always undertake to choose a tank with the biggest possible surface area and volume as most cichlids grow rather large. Make sure you always have a glass cover to stop your fish jumping out.

Position your new aquarium so that you refrain from direct sunlight hitting the aquarium for too long as this may cause exuberant algae problems.

Choosing Gravel, Decor and Setting Up

Cichlids are rather territorial and the more holes, refuges and interesting “zones” you may give rise to make for a much harmonized community.

A good starting point is to place in your tank a background that may offer the realism and natural surroundings that these fish will feel very relaxed and unstressed in. Check out the cichlid mansion range from Aquarium + Reptile Rocks Inc if you want something extraordinary.

Next is the gravel we advise a fine blended gravel as too coarse a gravel size allows uneaten feed and waste to pile up in the pockets amidst pebbles away from water flow that break it down. There are various varieties to choose from. Clean your gravel in little quantities in a bucket. Three or four rinses will have to be sufficient. Place the cleaned gravel into your tank along with a little water.

Next to add galore more “zones” you may add cleaned rocks and driftwood and position them. Triangulate your decorations to give rise to a more outstanding depth of field and provide an amphitheatre where the fish may congregate in a community setting. Try to slope your gravel more or less towards the rear and sides using rocks and logs to give rise to tiers and depth. The lightweight rocks from A+RR Inc like quartz rocks, north head ridge, barnacle, rock pool and charred wood make this fun and easy to do. When you have the major decorations in place, add a little water, if this is a little dirty from the gravel siphon this dirty water out again into your bucket.

Next fill your tank. Avoid disturbing the gravel by using a plate or newspaper onto which you may direct the water flow. Some coral sand is a good addition to an African tank, while white Rift Lake Sand looks great for Africans also but may show up detritus badly. These distinct elements will be discussed further later.

Preparing your Tap Water

Next we ought to treat our tap water to remove destructive chlorine and ammonia. There are assorted productions that will remove both, the best value is Amquel Instant water Detoxifier.

It is likewise necessary to replace electrolytes like, magnesium, and potassium making in tap water.

The electrolytic aquarium salts are necessary to fishes well being. Not only provide an anti-bacterial effect, but support fishes give rise to body slime to protect themselves from infection and create an necessary osmotic barrier so they do not dehydrate. Make sure it is dissolved before adding to your aquarium.

There are also various productions we may use to specific water conditions for African and Discus. To calculate water volume: consider 10cm x 10cm x 10cm = 1 liter. So length (cm) x Width (cm) x Height (cm) disunited by 1000 = Volume (liters).

Biological Filter Supplementation

The Best way to get crystal clear water is to pro-actively provide bacteria cultures as biological filter supplement. In our opinion WASTE CONTROL and CYCLE applied in conjunction with one another or HBH TERMINITE are the best way to heighten your filtration and stay in front of the game. People using these merchandise plainly do not encounter the same difficultnesses as persons who take a minimalist approach (don’t use a filter supplement) and end up perpetually reacting to problems. These bacteria cultures aid convert all organic wastes to ammonia then further to nitrite and in the end to nitrate. To establish your tanks bacteria populations may take various weeks but is sped primarily by adding supplements. Do not overstock your new aquarium for the duration of this run in period.

Filtration

All good filters provide plentiful filter media surface areas for the colonization of aerobic (oxygen breathing) denitrifying bacteria which break down fish waste. The more outstanding the volume of the filter and the more outstanding the flow rate, the more spectacular the population of bacteria to keep your tank clean. This is Biological filtration. All good filters must provide galore sponge as Mechanical filtration. Chemical filtration is likewise important. We always use ammonia remover as a safeguard. Carbon is likewise beneficial but Purigen is superior. It is rechargeable and will also remove log stains from your tank (That is if you did not use the Charred wood from A+RR Inc). Remember to rinse loose molecules out before adding to your filter.

Filter Types

Freshwater Trickle filters offer the most filtration for big seriously stocked tanks.

External Canister filers like the PRIME, EHEIM, FLUVAL or VIA AQUA are the best of the commercially available filters. They offer the biggest volume of media and may be concealed from view. All these brands have a simple priming scheme and splendid taps to isolate water in the tubing while the filter is cleaned.

Hang On styles like the AQUACLEAR and AQUAONE are likewise very good. They perhaps provide the best value if your budget does not permit an external canister. Simple fill the filter box with water and turn on. Water is pumped through the filter and gravity flows back into your tank.

Internal motorized filters like the CRYSTAL , RIO , and EIHEM are general for littler tanks or as a secondary filter for extra circulation in a big tank. Internals commonly do not interfere with top glass or hoods. These may be placed underneath one of your lightweight rocks.

Air Operated filtration is ofttimes not sufficient for cichlids. We do highly commend air bubbling in Cichlid tanks. Be sure to use a Check Valve so that water can not flow back into your pump if power goes off.

If you have a Cichlid Mansions or Amazon background from A+RR Inc you may conceal a lot of the plumbing from view which makes for a very beautiful set up.

Water Changing

Although nitrate (residual waste) is comparatively harmless, the levels will cumulate and become dangerous if regular partial water changes are not performed to dilute nitrates. Cichlids are huge fish that eat a lot, so nitrates cumulate quickly. PH is also pulled dangerously lower by organic waste accumulation. Therefore, no matter how good your filtration is, you still ought to water modify regularly. We commend a 1/3 – ½ water modify every second week to keep pH above neutral and nitrates low.

The best tool to help you with water changes is a Lee’s Gravel Vacuum. They concede you to remove the dirtiestwater from around the gravel and replace it with clean, treated tap water. This task is having little impact to do and a better occupation done if you have lightweight rocks and décor. We commend you test pH and nitrate on a weekly basis to ascertain your water altering maintenance is sufficient to maintain this balance. PH may be maintained using PH UP, but the only easy way to remove nitrate is by water changing.

An primary tip when changing. Rinse your filter media in your old aquarium water rather than under a tap as the chlorine in tap water will kill off the cherished filter bacteria living in the foam and other media. If you follow these procedures you ought to never have to exclusively break your tank down to clean it out.

Heating

If you want to keep Cichlids you will need to heat them. A good guide is approximately 1 watt of heating per liter of water. A higher wattage heater than necessary is often a good choice even though because they may be employed on more prominent aquariums. Position your heater in a back corner at a 45 degree angle so that heat does not rise directly onto the thermostat. Make sure that there is good water motion around the heater to see to it that the element is heating. Large cichlids may get rather boisterous, so a heater guard will stop your heater being broken. We believe it necessary to also install a thermostat to check the heater. The stick on types are the best in our sentiment as the suction cup type soon do not stick and require replacement.

Lighting

Lighting is necessary to view your fish at night time. To achieve this we find it better to illumine your tank from afternoon until bed time when persons may more effortlessly get enjoyment from their tanks. Lighting left on all day will undoubtedly cause exuberant algae problems. For best results with plants we commend high intensity full spectrum white lighting. We like to use Aquastars, Arcadia ‘s or Power Glo’s.

The African Cichlid Tank

The African Rift lake Cichlids from Lakes Malaqi, Tanganyika and Victoria have become a frequent potpourri of fish for persons who desire dramatic color, size and motion in their tanks. African cichlids are rather aggressive and fast moving and must be held in tanks set up for a community of African cichlids.

Natural Habitat

African Cichlids populate the rocky shorelines of the rift lakes of Africa . The water in these lakes is rather hard and alkaline. Large schools of fish graze algae from the rocky outcrop reefs. Amongst the algae live little crustaceans which likewise constitute portion of the diet of African cichlids.

The bottom of the lakes is sandy. Innumerable caves formed amid the boulders offer shelter to young fish and brooding females. Check out the Cichlid mansion and Amazon range of backgrounds if you want realism and something special. Most species from Lake Malawi are mouth brooders and constitute a big ratio of the species available in the hobby. A lot of the Tanganyikan species form lifetime pair bonds and protect their young, while others are also mouth brooders.

Rift Lake Water Conditioning

To recreate the hard alkaline water required by these fish, shell grit or coral sand must be added to your gravel or employed totally for the bottom. African Rift lake sand is also getting popular, but may show up detritus badly. Good quality African Cichlid water conditioners like the Seachem Rift Lake Salt and Buffers are a real vantage in creating the right water conditions.

There are assorted merchandise that will remove both chlorine and ammonia, but the best value is….Amquel Instant water Detoxifier.

Setting up African Rift Lake Cichlids

As African cichlids come from rocky shoreline areas of the lakes, we suggest that intricate rockwork form the basis of your set-up arranged to form area’s with some caves. The rockwork must be predominantly built up around the back and sides to leave a communal amphitheatre where all the fundamental interaction and displays take place. A+RR Inc has a big range of rocks which are exceedingly beautiful and offer a great deal of hiding places. Plants are not necessary to your African community tank because African Cichlids, being omnivorous, will eat your plants except for something such as Anubias. One option here is to cut numerous holes in barnacle rock which allows the greenery to be seen but protects the base in the gravel from the fish. Plastic plants rather make a good addition.

Adding African Rift Lake Cichlids

Try to crowd your African cichlids without taxing your filtration and water alter management. This stops humans from getting too dominant and harassing others.

We find it best to get started with little to medium sizes of fishes of assorted species in groups of four.

(4 Electric Blue, 4 Electric Yellows, 4 Venustus, 4 Red Empress)

Of the Lake Malawi fishes, the most mutual species are Zebras, Pindani, Lombardoi and others. People many times start out with these species as they are for less and show color while still young. Many hobbyists progression to the somewhat more pricey and spectacular ‘Haplochromis’ group, like Electric Blues, Red Empress and the Peacocks where only the males exhibit the most amazing color as they mature. In usual Take Tanganyika fishes are a bit more costly and comprise a heap of of the most sought after species like Frontosa, “Lanprologus” and Trheus.

Feeding Africans

Feeding African Cichlids the right type of foods is very important. African Cichlids have exceedingly long intestinal tracts, like omnivores, which means that foods (meat, worms etc.) will take a long time to digest. Inappropriate foods will rot in their stomachs causing bloating, disease and on occasion death. For this reason foods with a huge symmetry of spirulina and vegetables are best. Our favourites, HBH VEGE or Cichlid Flakes and Pellets are perfect. Super Bits are likewise eagerly taken but we do not like to feed Super Bits exclusively, but rather combined with Spirulina based foods. Frozen bloodworm and brine shrimp are likewise good for most species, but meats and live blackworm are unquestionably no-no’s.

The American Cichlid Tank

American Cichlids are more spectacular growing and slower moving than their African cousins. They are also far more predatory and are happy with a higher protein than Africans. For these reasons we do not commend keeping American and African Cichlids together. Of course there is always the odd exception.

Natural Habitat

The natural habitat of the Central and South American cichlids is rather dissimilar to that of Africans. Logs and subdivisions in standard replace rocky outcrops still having a background that may provide safe secure retreats are important. We feel darker gravel such as the Red Gravel blend suits the reflective colors of Americans, equated to lighter substrates spawners who will form a pair bond. Spawns may create hundreds of fry, the parents will undertake to protect and nurture their babies instinctively. It is not not common for pairs of fish to spawn in the community tank, altho it is improbable that the parents will be competent to protect babies from the hordes. Most American cichlids have likewise been in the sparetime activity for a lot longer than Africans. Species like Oscars and Red Devils have become household names.

Water Conditioning

American Cichlids are rather tolerant of water conditions, but a pH close to neutral and low nitrates (regular water changes) provide a comfortable environment. Always treat new tap water well with XXXXXX and XXXXX as with all fish.

Setting Up for American Cichlids

Use a great deal of logs. Submerge a good deal of rocks into the substrate and add more structure on top… Do not be concerned by exuberant color from new logs as this will become less with regular water changing. You could use charred wood from A+RR Inc here as well. Plastic plants attached to little crevice rock will provide a splash of color. Of course you may use one of the Amazon or Cichlid mansion backgrounds that will give rise to a stunning base for you to exaggerate on.

Adding American Cichlids

Try to set up a huge potpourri of young fish to grow up together. That way you will have far more compatible big fish when they grow up. Our favourite species are Oscars, Red Devils, Texas , Firemouths, Severums etc. Give them a great deal of room to grow. Often persons will ask, “What may I put with my huge Oscar who has lived alone for a year?” if you put another single fish in, there is each probability that the new inhabitant will be killed. We advised it is better to trade in huge fish and get started with a community of littler Americans.

Feeding Americans

American cichlids will consume a big potpourri of foods. HBH make a range of American specific cichlid foods. Advance the size of the pellets as your young fish grow. A wide potpourri of frozen foods are commended in conjunction with live foods including feeder fish. Only offer feeder fish as a treat, other than as supposed or expected they will become fussy when it comes to accepting prepared foods.

Dwarf Cichlids

The most general dwarf cichlids are the Apistogrammas and Microgeophagus (Rams) from South America and the Pelvicachromis (Kribensis) from the Congo River scheme of Africa . These dwarf cichlids are frequent community fish that may spawn in a community tank and exercise parental care over their young if there is sufficient cover. They prefer a good varied diet of prepared frozen and live foods.

Discus

Discuses are a popular group of cichlids kept by fanciers all over the world. Many assert Discus are the “King of Fishes”. Discus are unquestionably a fish that require a good deal of experience, though they may be held in a community tank. The major requisite to keeping Discus well is good water management and the best foods. Discuses seem to metabolize quickly and need to be fed oftentimes with high quality prepared and frozen foods. The best are Tetra Bits with daily frozen feed like Beef Heart and Liver and Discus Dinner. Once Discus are feeding well they are competitory and hardy.

Discus are ordinarily happy in low nitrate water with pH more or less acidic and soft water which is very warm 29-32 Degrees Celsius. For breeding Discus, the fish need to be well conditioned on the best foods. The best range of water conditioners for Discus are the Seachem range of Discus Buffers.

The major problem with Discus is their susceptibility to parasites like gill flakes as well as intestinal worms and flagellates. We advise regular treatments for parasites with General Cure or Worm-Rid, specially after Discus are newly purchased or moved. Intestinal worms are best treated with Worm-Rid and flagellates with Octozin. An inexpensive, yet very good book is the Barron’s Discus Fishes.

Enjoy setting up your tank and we love receiving your pictures of the merchandise from A+RR Inc (Aquarium + Reptile Rocks Inc).

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The attraction of licensing trademarks for business intents appears to be at an all-time high, for the most part in the fashion arena where buyers are buying more licensed merchandise and brand names than ever before. For retailers, licensing probabilities provide them with a point of divergence from their competitors.

Licensing is leasing a legally protected property (like trademarked or copyrighted name, logo, likeness, character, phrase or design) to another party in combining with a product, service or promotion. It is a routine which lays stress on buyer management, development of brand equity in line with global imagery, supplying right buying goods ambience and perchance is less with regards to manufacturing. Licensing is a way of growing with an already established brand. It provides the brand recall benefits, which are not accomplishable in case one comes out with a brand new image.

There are a great deal of types of licensing business like art & design, corporate brands, events, fashion brands, feed & drink, institutional, magazine brands, music, personalities, sports and television licensing to name a few.

The vantages of licensing for licensors

The main vantage for a licensor is the facility to use and formulate it is brand or property.

Licensing may achieve this by:

. Improving it is brand existence at a retail or distribution outlet.

. Making further brand sensing to help it is core merchandise or services.

. Providing and increasing it is core values through respective links with the licensed products/service or category.

. Coming into new markets (consumer or geographical) which were unfeasible with it is own strengths.

. Making new revenue flows, ofttimes with little involvement or further and added financial resources

The vantage of licensing for licensees

The main vantage for a licensee (particularly manufacturer or retailer) is the capability to substantially upsurge buyer interest in and sales of it is merchandise or services.

Licensing may achieve this by:

. Shifting the values and buyer favour towards the licensed product or service.

. Providing added value and differentiation in the competitory market.

. Offering further and added retail support or speed from the core property’s action given by the licensor.

. Attracting new target markets who have not been salaried attention in a licensee’s product or service.

. Providing believability for shifting into new market spheres through product extension.

. Attaining further and added syndication space and favor.

Licensing: The increasing scenario worldwide

Reviewing the year-after-year international marketing sales from 2000 to 2004, the licensing business this year has shown an increase. In general, 2004 prevised global merchandising sales of licensed business increased 1.5 per cent to $175.3 billion versus 2003 $172.7 billion, with the USA making almost $110 billion (nearly $5.805 billion in royalties) and Europe $34 billion. In UK, the brand licensing industry is worth approximately £7billion in selling and £368million in royalties.

Recently some international textile-garment-apparel developing companies are in news due to their licensing agreement with numerous other companies.

Everlast Worldwide Inc, which is a men’s and women’s apparel and accessaries seller, not long ago declared signing a new four-year license agreement with Jacques Moret Inc of New York City. As of January 1, 2006, this new agreement grants Moret, a major provider to the US apparel market, a license for Everlast men’s activewear, sportswear, outerwear and swimwear in the United States. Moret will collaborator with M. Hidary and Company Inc for design, development and sales of the activewear portion of the license. M. Hidary has achieved outstanding success with it is tremendous experience in the men’s branded activewear business. They will buy sure men’s apparel inventory owned by Everlast and assume other transitional costs affiliated with the men’s business. Additionally, sure key sales, syndication and operational personnel will join the new group.

Burnaby, B.C.-based ID Wear, a group of Pimlico Apparel, has lately received the sole license for the manufacture, design and sale of the Playboy brand of high-end denims for the North American market. Pimlico formulates denim merchandise for it is own brands, ID Wear and private labels such as Nordstrom’s and Harley-Davidson. Moreover, ID Wear is the primary North American company to provide laser logoing on it is garments.

Marvel Enterprises, Inc., a international character-based amusement licensing company, lately declared that it is strengthening it is crucial apparel licensing business with leading collaborators Kids Headquarters (as master apparel licensee) and Mad Engine (which will spearhead t-shirts and tops). This statement means a brand new cooperative relationship with Kids Headquarters and an expanded kinship with Mad Engine.

Juicy Couture has partnered with Sàfilo Group for a full eyewear collection that it will introduce in spring 2006. A budget-priced set of sunglasses and ophthalmic eyewear for men will likewise be introduced by way of an agreement amid fashion brand Haggar Clothing Co. and The Feldman Corporation’s I-dealoptics division.

Aviation and military-inspired leather outerwear and sportswear brand Avirex signed a multi-year license agreement with Kids Headquarters for sportswear and outerwear for boys.

Outerwear and Sportswear Company G-III Apparel Group received privately kept outerwear companies Marvin Richards and Winlit Group Ltd. G-III now possesses licenses for Calvin Klein and Guess men’s and women’s outerwear, Tommy Hilfiger leather outerwear, London Fog and Pacific Trail.

Top 5 Children’s Apparel Character Licenses: 2004

1. Winnie the Pooh & Friends

2. Disney Princess

3. Spider-Man

4. Mickey Mouse & Friends

5. SpongeBob SquarePants

Sesame Workshop and Pearl Izumi, an athletic-wear producer, have tied up to launch Sesame Street cycling jerseys and socks. Through a licensing agreement with plus-size apparel manufacturer Bodywaves, Inc., Champion has set up Champion Plus, a full line of women’s activewear that covers both performance fitness and “ath-leisure” styles. Warner Bros. Consumer Products and Tunk Limited., a CINQ Group brand, have partnered to make tops, jackets and headwear.

Licensing exercise in India on a rise.

Nowadays, a lot of Indian textiles companies are entering into licensing agreements with international brands, leading to the growth of the conception of business through licensing.

Gokaldas Images Ltd, which owns and markets the apparel brand Weekender, has signed an agreement with the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) for licensing and selling the apparels with the WWE logos in the domestic market. A successful form of licensing – sports licensing, has produced into a multi¬billion dollar systematic business and has increased it is scope to sporting events like WWE, the Olympics, EURO, Cricket and Soccer World Cups. It is approximated that one fifth of the WWE’s $ 300 million per annum net profit is achieved by licensing. Moreover, Weekender – Gokaldas Images Ltd. markets the Enamour lingerie as well.

Character and amusement licensing too has benefited in last few decades, making billions of dollars of profits each year.

S. Kumars is planning to introduce six new international brands into the country and it is looking towards a long-term cooperative relationship with these global textile brands.

Recently, Indus Clothing Ltd signed a licensing agreement with Disney cConsumer Products (DCP) to create it is kids’ wear brand Disney cJeans in India. This deal will permit Indus Clothing Ltd to crusade into standalone syndication stores for the finish product line covering the Disney brand. The company intends to invest in regards to Rs. 21 crore to establish 20 standalone Disney jeans outlets by the end of 2007 and 50 outlets the following year. Their main focus is to put up a strong retail network for the brand and subsequently plan to manufacture and maintain a consistent brand image. Indus Clothing Ltd is also the licensee for Lee Cooper apparel to market their merchandise in India.

Madura Garments possesses the world license for three brands namely, Louis Philippe, Allen Solly and Peter England. It has now also come into a strategic tie-up with the fast-growing brand Esprit, with an goal to be attained of strengthening it is brand portfolio in key segments like women’s segment, premium relaxed clothes segment and accessories. An Italian brand that is synonymous with MTV, UMM (Underground Music Movement) has joined Pantaloon, one of India’s biggest retail chain stores.

American innerwear brand Jockey entered the Indian market in 1998 through a retail arrangement with Bangalore based Page Apparels. Besides the normal production and distribution rights in India, the brand likewise has a buyback arrangement with the parent company.

The Shirt Company (TSC) has been granted the license by the owner of the Barbie brand – Mattel, to make and syndication Barbie apparel in India. For this it works closely with Smith & Brooks, the official licensee for Barbie costume in the European market. Moreover, the apparel section of the Forbes Gokak Group is the licensee for brands like Daks, Trussardi and Savile Row.

Tommy Hilfiger entered the Indian market through a joint crusade amidst the Murjani Group and the Arvind Mills. Called the Arvind Murjani Brands Private Limited, AMB has the licensing agreement for merchandising and spreading Tommy Hilfiger apparel in India. The Murjani Group, located in New York, was conventional in 1930 by B K Murjani. By 1958, with a production of over 10 million units per annum, Murjani’s became one of the biggest apparel makers in the world.

It was in the early 1970s, when Murjani initiated brand name development and marketing. Over the years, the group has widened and introduced a range of major global brands, such as Gloria Vanderbilt, Coca-Cola Clothes and Tommy Hilfiger. Fashion retailer French Connection UK has firmed it is plans to launch the brand in India. The company is assumed to be in talks for the licensee deal with Vijay Murjani, Murjani Group.

Many companies prefer licensing in order to reinforce brand image, give rise to acknowledgement and build brand equity. Licensing is the business arrangement in which the proprietor of the ‘product’, ‘trade mark’ or ‘brand’ allows some other group to use it is brand name in return for specified royalties or payment.

Recently, the government of India has approved the UK-based kids’ care syndication chain Mothercare Plc’s offer to set up a 100 per cent subsidiary in India with an investment of Rs 32.25 crore. The Indian section will find and buy textile and garments from local traders and would promote the same in India through franchise operation with third party business associates.

Mothercare has already provided a license to Shopper’s Stop to use it is trade mark and brand name on the merchandise to be supplied by it is Indian subsidiary to the syndication major for sale and distribution in India.

Indian players have employed the licensing exercise after the huge success of the system in the global market. The inclination for making business through licensing has assisted a great deal of companies to post a great deal of big alternations of the other than as supposed or expected ‘own brand extension’ concept. Oxford Industries, Inc. is an illustration of how a company may get more prominent with licensing. The company is a diversified global producer, licensee and wholesale vender of branded and private label apparel for men, women and children.

Oxford offers merchants who sells goods at retail and buyers with a huge assortment of apparel productions and services to suit their person requirements. Its major brands cover Tommy Bahama, Indigo Palms, Island Soft, Ben Sherman, Ely and Walker and Oxford Golf. These brands are offered in national chains, special line of work catalogues, mass merchants, division stores, special line of work stores and Internet retailers. The company likewise has exclusive licenses to make and trade assorted product categories under the Tommy Hilfiger, Nautica, Geoffrey Beene, Slates, Dockers and Oscar de la Renta labels.

Fashion licensing is largely separated into two categories: apparel brands and architect names. The priority of fashion licensing is brand extension, which is primarily received by designers through licensing productions other than their main apparel lines. Calvin Klein remains one of the premier examples for this type of licensing agreement, as it is income tripled after adopting such a marketing strategy.

In 1997, licensing, which is responsible for more than 90 per cent of the label’s sales, has now made the brand’s international retail volume of when it comes to $ 5 billion from $ 2.1 billion in 1994. Many global brands catering to Indian players for licensing is a clear signal that a market which was untimely a couple of years back, has now been accepted by the entire business community and will reach to it is greatest or most complete or best possible level in the coming years. Licensing chances now subsist in all spheres. Leading international names that offer big probabilities to harness the power of their name are Warner Bros, You and Me Baby, Nickelodeon, Barcode Kitties and BBC Worldwide, that is widely known and esteemed for operating brand names like Teletubbies, Tweenies and Fimbles.

Conclusion

In year 2004 licensing business shown vast growth, with notably 5.6 percent increment in entertainment, 3.8 percent in brands & trademarks and also showed good growth in other categories equated to 2003. So as reputation and amusement licensing business showed a healthful growth in last few decades, and making billions of dollars of profits each year, the chances of over all business, peculiarly fashion, textile and garment retailing will unquestionably have a bright future.

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World War I begun in Europe in 1914, however, the United States remained neutral until 6 April 1917 when President Woodrow Wilson signed the joint solution announce publicly or officially that a state of war now existed amongst the United States of America and Imperial Germany. Three months later, in August 1917, U. S. National Guard units from twenty-six states and the District of Columbia merged to form the 42nd Division of the United States Army. Douglas MacArthur, serving as Chief of Staff for the Division, commented that it “would stretch over the whole country like a rainbow.” In this manner, the 42nd became known as the “Rainbow Division.” It comprised four infantry regiments from New York, Ohio, Alabama, and Iowa. Men from a great deal of other states, amid them New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Indiana, Michigan, Rhode Island, Maryland, California, South Carolina, Missouri, Connecticutt, Tennessee, New Jersey, Colorado, Maine, North Carolina, Kansas, Texas, Wisconsin, Texas, Illinois, Minnesota, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Oregon, and Pennsylvania likewise joined the section and became machine gunners, ambulance drivers, worked in field hospitals, or served in the military police.

The Southeastern Department commander commended that the 4th Alabama Infantry be assigned to the 42nd. The commander of the 4th was Colonel William P. Screws, a former regular army officer who had served from 1910 to 1915 as the inspector-instructor for the Alabama National Guard. Screws was widely regarded as one of the major sum totals of the Alabama National Guard, and his reputation was likely a prominent factor in the selection of the 4th to join the 42nd. To upgrade the 4th Infantry to war strength, the transfer of the necessary numbers of enlisted men from other Alabama Guard units, including the 1st and 2nd Infantry Regiments and the 1st Alabama Cavalry.

On August 15 the War Department officially redesignated the 4th Alabama Infantry as the 167th Infantry Regiment, 84th Brigade, 42nd Division. The regiment comprised 3,622 enlisted troops and 55 enlisted medical staff for a total of 3,677men. The 1st Alabama Infantry had contributed 880 enlisted men to join the new 167th, the 2nd Alabama Infantry and the 1st Alabama Cavalry had provided enlisted men to fetch the 167th to war strength, which was nominally 3,700 officers and men.

The Rainbow Division became one of the basi sent to Europe in 1917 to help French troops in battles at Chateau-Thierry, St. Mihiel, the Verdun front, and Argonne. On 15 July 1918 the Division, acting as percentage of the 4th French Army, assisted in containing the final German offensive at the Battle of Champagne.

Let us set the scenario for the matter of alleged American battlefield atrocities on the share of the ‘Rainbow’ Division. On 15 July 1918, the Germans, in their final bid to end the war in their favor, launched a massive attack southward in the Champagne country of France. Although most of the defending troops were French, there were numerous units of the U.S. 42nd Division also involved in the defense and in the counter-attacks that ensued.

Concerning the battle participation of the U. S. 42nd (‘Rainbow’) Division in the Champagne-Marne Defensive battle of 15 July 1918, we read as follows in Donovan, America’s Master Spy, by Richard Dunlop:

“The regimental commanders [of the U. S. 42nd Division] were instructed to post only a few men in the initial trench line, which would without apparent effort fall. Most were to be positioned in the second line, from which they were likewise expected to withdraw as the Germans swept ahead.”

“On July 15 at 12:04 a.m., the German artillery commenced one of the war’s most vast barrages. When at 4:30 a.m. the artillery stopped firing as all of a sudden as it had started, the silence over no-man’s-land was dreadful. The introductory Germans appeared wraithlike, running toward the American lines through the morning mist. Minenwerfers [large caliber German mortars] abruptly rained down on the defending Americana, and machine guns chattered death. The Americans who escaped the initial charge scrambled back to the second line.”

“The Germans found themselves in full possession of the American introductory trenches; they thought they had won. They shouted, cheered and broke into song. Then the American barrage opened on the trenches. Since each piece of artillery had been cautiously zeroed in on the trenches when they were still in American hands, the accuracy of the gunfire was uncanny. Some of the crack Prussian Guards still managed to reach the second line of trenches, but they too were repulsed, after bloody hand-to-hand encounters. The Germans broke off the attack.”

“To Donovan’s [Colonel William J. Donovan, commanding officer of the 165th Infantry Regiment, from New York] disgust, the Germans resorted to subterfuge. Four Germans, each with a Red Cross emblazoned on his arm, carried a stretcher up to the lines kept by the 165th. When they were close, they yanked a blanket from the stretcher to disclose a machine gun, with which they opened fire. The Americans shot them dead. Still another group tried to infiltrate the American lines one night wearing French uniforms. They too were shot. All told, some breakthroughs were made, but the Germans had been stopped by the Americans. The Americans had not been discomfited as the French battle plans had expected they would be. After three days of battle, the Germans started out

to pull back.” 1

On 18 August 1918 the following cablegram was received at American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) headquarters, Chaumont, France:

“”A F August 18, 1918.

Commanding General, 42nd Division, Bourmont.

Following received from Washington:

“For Nolan. Condemned Associated Press Dispatch from London received by Cable Censor ’0055 Monday Baumans Amsterdam accusation that soldier[s'] of 42nd American line Division enraged at losses suffered 15/7 near Rheims killed same evening 150 German prisoners is made by Wolff Bureau on “Creditable authority” and hence displayed in Saturday’s German papers’. Dispatch kept for assumed inaccuracy. Investigate and report.” Make prompt investigation and report by wire this office. By direction.

Nolan

4.55 P.M. “” 2

A “Condemned Associated Press Dispatch…” is assumed to be an AP dispatch which was intercepted by the “Cable Censor” and deemed unfit for forwarding (if sent from F&F) or transmission (if originating in London) and thence was condemned. This action would also presumably be taken if the origin of the telegram or cablegram was thought to be spurious or even sent beneath untrue pretenses. The original copy of this message was most probably burned with the “Confidential waste” at AEF HQ Chaumont.

Pershing and his staff at Chaumont did everything possible to control the press and the AEF staff would quickly ‘condemn’ origins from reporters and reports that were not run through General Pershing’s staff.

Regarding the day the telegram was received by AEF HQ on August 18, 1918, this would have been on a Sunday. “0055 Monday” in the telegram would refer to 12 August 1918. The telegram was received shortly after the Champagne-Marne Defensive Campaign, and while the U. S. 42nd Division was fighting in the Marne Salient for the duration of July and August of 1918. The “Wolff Bureau” was the Wolff Telegraph Agency in Berlin, a semi-official German new agency in 1918.

The G-2 (Intelligence Officer) of AEF Headquarters, Brigadier General Dennis E. Nolan took prompt action to investigate the alleged murder of German prisoners of war on 15 July 1918 for the duration of the Champagne-Marne Defensive Campaign. Nolan directed Major General Charles T. Menoher, commander of the U. S. 42nd Division to try an prompt investigation of the charge. The investigation was made on 20 August 1918 at the station of the U. S. 42nd Division, AEF, Bourmont, France.

The U.S. 42nd Division was composed of troops from Alabama, Ohio, Iowa, and New York. The troops that had contact with the German Army on 15 July 1918 were:

2nd Battalion, 165th Infantry Regiment (New York); 3rd Battalion, 166th Infantry Regiment (Ohio); 2nd Battalion, 167th Infantry Regiment (formerly 4th Alabama), and Companies E and F of the 168th Infantry Regiment (Iowa).

The strength of the investigation fell on the 2nd Battalion, 165th Infantry, the 3rd Battalion of the 168th, 2nd Battalion, 167th, and Companies E and F of the 168th.

According to the “Report of investigation of reported killing of German prisoners of war,” from the Division Inspector and to the Commanding General, 42nd Division, AEF, sworn testimony was taken from a total of thirty-eight officers of the 42nd Division, and specially from officers whose troops were so stationed as to come into contact with the Germans in the Champagne battle of 15 July 1918. Twenty-three officers gave sworn testimony and fifteen company-grade officers were required to give depositions. The testimony was uniformly a denial that any atrocities were committed for the duration of the fighting that day of 15 July 1918.

According to the same report, “All the officers state that no German prisoners were killed by American troops nor were any mistreated; not did any officer listen anything to that effect. On the contrary the prisoners were treated well, the wounded cared for and cautiously transported to the rear and the prisoners given food, drink and cigarettes. In at least one case a wounded prisoner was carried while one of our wounded officers walked.” 3

The “CONCLUSION” of the report states: “That the affirmations contained in the telegram set forth in Paragraph II of this report are untrue and without any foundation in fact. That all prisoners taken by troops of the 42nd Division were turned over without delay to the French military authorities, and that, therefore, no troops of the 42nd Division had access to them other than those whose affirmations are covered by this report.” 4

The “RECOMMENDATION” of the report states: “That no further action be taken.” The determinations were forwarded to AEF Headquarters and there the matter was dropped. 5

An unknown German newspaper purportedly published in Berlin, Germany, on Saturday, 17 August 1918 allegedly printed an article alleging that 150 wounded and captured German soldiers were summarily killed by soldiers of the U. S. 42nd Division on 15 July 1918. There were five newsprints published in Berlin on the date of Saturday, 17 August 1918: Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, Deutsche Tageszeitung Germania, Neues Preussische Zeitung, Nordeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, Vossiche Zeitung. Searches of the noted German newsprints have been made by assorted historians. No atrocity articles have ever been located in these German papers.

In James J. Cooke’s book, The Rainbow Division in the Great War, we read:

“”The Rainbows likewise had developed a very real hatred for the Germans. During the German bombardment on 15 July 1918, the doctors and nurses moved what wounded they could to a dugout, and the once callow Lieutenant van Dolsen recoiled in horror at what he saw”:

“Well we got down into the dug out and my dear mother such a shamble I never hope to see again. A long black tunnel lighted just a little by candles, our poor wounded shocked boys there on litters in the dark, eight of them half under ether just as they had come off the tables their legs only half amputated, surgeons attempting to finish and check blood in the dark, the floor soaked with blood, the hospital above us a wreck, three persons who requires medical care killed and one blown out of bed with his head off. Believe me I will never pardon the bastards as long as I live.”

Editor’s note: Lt. van Dolsen, being an officer, was competent to ‘censor’ his own letters, other than as supposed or expected this type of comment would never have reached the home front. Van Dolsen’s letter to his aunt, Occupation Forces, Germany, 19 February 1919, MHIA. See likewise Stewart, Rainbow Bright, 70-71.

“One Alabama private who was in the thickest of the fighting on 15 July wrote to his mother, “All of you may cheer up and wear a smile for I’m a little hero now. I got two of the rascals and finished killing a wounded with my bayonet that might have gotten well had I not finished him…I couldn’t be satisfied at killing them, how could I have mercy on such low life rascals as they are?”

“A good bit of this hatred resulted from the Germans approaching American lines dressed in French uniforms taken from the dead in the primary line sacrifice trench.”

“The hand-to-hand fighting was specially severe for the Alabamians and New Yorkers, and a great deal of of their comrades were killed or wounded in the fighting for the second defense line and in the counter-attacks that followed. Adding to the confusedness was the occasional round of friendly artillery fire that fell short and hit the Americans as they repulsed the enemy.”

“The Alabama defense and decisive counter-attacks on 15 July was praised by all, and traditionalisti the 167th Regiment as the best fighting regiment within the division.”

“There had always been rumors of units of the 42nd Division taking no prisoners. Major William J. Donovan, in May of 1918, described to his wife the possibleness of the Alabamians’ of the 167th Infantry Regiment capturing and killing two Germans, and he ended his letter stating, “They [the 167th] wander all over the landscape shooting at everything.”

“Elmer Sherwood, the Hoosier gunner, reported the story that the Alabamians attacked a German trench with Bowie knives. “They cleaned up on the enemy,

Sherwood recalled, “but it is no surprise to any of us, because they are a wild bunch, not knowing what fear is.”

While in Germany on occupation obligation with the Rainbow, Lieutenant van Dolsen wrote to his aunt back in Washington, DC, that the Alabams “did not take some prisoners, but I do not blame them for that.”

“The New York regiment was likewise known for fierce fighting and taking few prisoners on the battlefield. This issue of battlefield atrocities by the U. S. 42nd Division would again surface after the severe fighting at Croix Rouge Farm, in the Marne Salient, where the soldiers from Alabama and Iowa were to a great extent engaged at close quarters with a determined enemy.” 6

J. Phelps Harding, 2nd Lt., 165th Regiment, U. S. 42nd Division, AEF, wrote a letter home to his folks on 22 September 1918. His letter states, in part:

“I’m glad I had a chance to join the 165th-it’s a man’s outfit, and it has done fine work over here. One of the German prisoners, who met us here and at Chateau-Thierry, but did not realize we were at both places, said that America had only two good sectionalizations – the 42nd and the Rainbow. He didn’t know they were one and the same. I won’t ask for any better men than the Irish in the 69th (165th). They are a hard hitting, dare devil bunch, very religious, affrighted of nothing, and sworn oppositions of the Boche. The regiment lost to a great extent at Chateau-Thierry – my company alone had 110 wounded and 36 killed straightout – and each man has a ‘buddy’ to avenge. Lord aid the Boche who gets in the way of the ‘old 69th.’ We are told to treat prisoners as approved by the war-that-was, when soldiers were less barbarous than they are now. After each action we see or listen of mutilation of our men – and there’s galore a German who suffers for each one American so treated. I don’t mean he is mutilated – no American stoops that low – but I do mean that he grows daisies where, if his colleagues had been a bit more human, he might have been getting a good rest in an American prison camp.

Now I’ll actually stop – perhaps I will have to have stopped before writing this last paragraph, but it’s said, so it stands.” 7

Editor’s note: As an officer Phelps was privileged to censor his own writing. An enlisted man, however, concerned in regards to censorship, might have hesitated to write that ‘after each action’ soldiers found ‘mutilation of our men’ or to suggest that American soldiers killed German prisoners in reprisal. Boche is the French derogatory slang term for German soldiers for the duration of World War I.

In defense of the ‘Rainbow’ Division’s conduct on the battlefield, here is a letter I received in 1997 from Clark Jarrett, grandson of Paul Jarrett, a lieutenant in the 166th Infantry Regiment. Clark Jarrett telephoned his grandfather (at his age of 101 years) and transcribed his father’s conversation:

“”I cherished your letter very much. I did as you requested…I called my grandfather the night after I received your letter. We had a very good phone call. I read him your precise words and took notes for the duration of our conversation. Here is what he had to say:

“I never saw or heard of anything in regards to atrocities in the Rainbow. I may say that the 165th (New York) was not prepared to go to the front when the entire section was ready. I heard personally that the “165th was not fit for service.” They were considered playboys, not soldiers. My regiment, the 166th, served with the 165th as the 83rd Brigade. At the Second Battle of the Marne (Battle of the Champagne) I was informed by messenger that I will have to be conscious of my left flank, as the Germans had entered the trenches of the 165th. I put my binoculars to my eyes and I saw that there was trench fighting going on down to my left. Thank God that the Germans did not break through. But I was conscious that they might at any moment. After that, the 165th performed as well as any other unit in the Rainbow.

As for the 167th Alabama…the only time I each saw or heard of anything strange was at Camp Mills, Long Island, New York, when we were in training to go to Europe. One night, we were called out to discerned the 167th from a Negro unit. Apparently the white soldiers in truth got trouble that black soldiers were in the division. Anyway, we had to share the two units…but I didn’t see any specific violence. I heard that there was a finelooking good fight going before we got there. It was the 167th I was going to help when I got my knee fractured for the duration of the fighting at the Ourcq River.”"

I hope this will give you another piece of the puzzle, David. I quizzed him in truth hard regarding the facts. He, as you know, has a terrifi memory, and will not [I repeat] not, go along with anything, nor any memory of someone else just to satisfy that person. He will tell it just precisely the way it was.”" 8

“On the fourth day, when the 69th and the Alabama continued to hold, the French general [Gouraud] said, “Well, I guess there is not one thing for me to do but fight the war out where the New York Irish want to fight it.” 9

Author of The Last Hero, Wild Bill Donovan, Anthony Cave Brown, tells us:

“And, Donovan was to admit, the Micks took no prisoners. “The men, “he wrote,” when they saw the Germans with red crosses on one sleeve and serving machine guns versus us, firing until the last minute, then cowardly throwing up their hands and crying “Kamerad,” became just lustful for German blood. I do not blame them.” Later when WJD [William J. Donovan] was required to sit in judgement on the German officers’ corps for it is conduct in World War II, he recalled this incident, realized that if World War I had gone the wrong way, he might have been arrested for having consecrated war crimes, and he refused to prosecute.” 10

It is interesting to note that, for the duration of the fighting along the Ourcq River, and after the Champagne-Marne Defensive Campaign, the U. S. 42nd Division plainly again became involved with the matter of battlefield atrocities. We read as follows in Anthony Cave Brown’s book entitled, The Last Hero, Wild Bill Donovan:

“In the fighting the Micks again started out to kill their prisoners, and Donovan recorded: “Out of the 25 I was capable to save only 2 prisoners, the men killed

all the rest.” 11

Editor’s comment: “Micks” is an ethnic slang expression for the Irish-Americans. Once again we have the circumstance where an officer in the AEF is competent to write just in regards to any comment at all to the home folks. One speculates as to what the intermediate enlisted soldier would have written, had he been permitted to do so. Major General William J. Donovan, commander of the 165th (formerly 69th ) Infantry Regiment for the duration of World War I, was later to become the founder of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and “father” of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

Going back to the 167th Infantry Regiment (formerly 4th Alabama), Professor James J. Cooke, author of The Rainbow Division in the Great War, informs the author that:

“The matter of the atrocities concerned principally the 167th Infantry and I was very concerned with it because of the investigation conducted by the HQ, AEF. There had been difficulties with the 167th being very aggressive in combat. But, when I searched for references in German papers, like you, I found none. It appeared that HQ got their selective information from reporters who plainly heard rumors, etc. I do believe, however, that HQ was well conscious of the hard fighting tendencies of units like the 167th and wanted to investigate quickly. I included the investigation mainly because it was HQ that ordered it done rather than from any German or poor sources. That is as far as I got when doing the Rainbow book. I did without doubt exploration AEF records in RG 120 at National Archives II, particularly the JAG [Judge Advocate General] and G2 [Intelligence] records, but found, like you, a brick wall as far as the origins of the reported atrocities. By the way, when I ran throughout “condemned” origins it was ordinarily for reporters and reports that were not run through Pershing’s staff. As you recognise Pershing and his staff at Chaumont did everything possible to control the press.” 12

The soldiers of the 4th Alabama National Guard Regiment (167th of the U. S. 42nd Division) seem to have been a rather dissimilar ‘breed of cat.’ Many of them were backwoodsmen, avid hunters and crack rifle shots. It is said that galore of them brought their personal Bowie knives over to France and that they applied them in battle. 13

In a letter to the home folks, Ambulance Corps driver George Ruckle wrote, in part: “The Germans call us barbarians, they don’t like the way we fight. When the boys go over the top or make raids they in general throw away their rifles and go to it with trench knives, sawed off shotguns, bare fists and hand grenades, and the Bosch doesn’t like that kind of fighting. The boys from Alabama are exceptionally expert with knives and they ordinarily go over hollering like fiends-so I don’t blame the Germans for being frighted of them.” 14

A young officer in the 42nd Division, made the observation in a letter home in early 1918 that, “the Alabamans, a rough, quick-tempered lot, always spoiling for a fight, lost their tempers.” This comment was made in regards to an altercation amongst the men from Alabama and the French civilians.

Could the old adage that, “where there is smoke, there ought to be fire” implement here?

In placing all of these pieces of proof of alleged battlefield atrocities committed by the U. S. 42nd Division on the scales of justice, how does it all weigh out? In the sentiment of this historian, the ‘Rainbow’ Division in all likelihood stands guilty of numerous exceedingly aggressive battlefield conduct for the duration of World War I. It is also my distinct impression that the investigation conducted by AEF HQ was a total whitewash.

Americans are loathe to receive the idea that their soldiery, in any war, either take delight in killing their foes or are capable of committing war crimes of any sort and specifically battlefield atrocities versus enemy soldiers or civilians. Americans are always so shocked and horrified whenever their soldiers act (or react) like anybody else in the world, as if “our boys” occupy a moral high ground distinctive on the planet. But, if one is to be true to historical fact, one ought to receive the idea that American soldiers have not always behaved honorably on the battlefield. There is plenteous testimony to this effect from World War I, World War II, Korea, (e.g., the incident at the tunnel at No Gun Ri in 1950, where a number of civilians were allegedly massacred by American soldiers) Vietnam (e.g., the Mylai incident, where Vietnamese civilians were allegedly massacred beneath the command of Lt. William Calley), and from Iraq, where all too often times numerous of our fighting forces are accused of having shot unarmed prisoners, or having tortured them in prison.

In coming down to the year of 2005, we have Marine Corps Lt. General James N. Mattis, known as “Mad Dog Mattis” to the troops he led in Afganistan and Iraq, publicly stating that “It’s a lot of fun to fight, you know. It’s a hell of a hoot. It’s fun to shoot a good deal of people. I’ll be right up front with you. I like brawling.” The Commandant of the Marine Corps, Gen. Mike Hagee said, in part, “While I perceive that numerous people may take issue with the remarks made by him, I also know he intended to reflect the ominous and harsh realities of war.” 15

The murder of surrendering prisoners is not distinguishable to World War I. That has been a barbarous exercise in all wars. However, one aspect of World War I fighting has been perhaps neglected; perchance the murder of surrendering prisoners was more mutual in that brutal war than we would like to believe.

While brave, kindly and charitable acts also characterized World War I, we ought to not forget that it also developed it is share of battlefield atrocities. A sure de-sensitization when it comes to the value of humane life may be necessary to cope in the stress of performing a occupation that requires killing, a cold mentality that must be held on the battlefield.

Perhaps the best tribute to fighting capacity of the Guardsmen of the Rainbow Division came from their enemies. In a study made in post-war days, the German High Command considered eight American sections peculiarly effective; six of those were those of the much maligned “militia” or National Guard! When the German soldiers were asked which American combat division they most dire and respected, the reply was always, “the 42nd”, and “the Rainbow.” For a good deal of reason the Germans never made the distinction. 16

Editor’s note: On German sentiment of the 42nd Div., see e.g., The United States Army in the World War, XI, 410, 412-13; Thomas, History of the A.E.F., 221.

George Pattullo, a World War I correspondent for the periodical Saturday Evening Post, and accredited to American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in France in 1918, wrote as follows in his article entitled, “The Inside Story of the A.E.F.,” May 6, 1921:

“Just as it is out of the question for an person to view his family’s relations with outsiders impartially, so it is beyond the capacity of nationals of one country to see anything except their own side in dealing with other nations. The tendency to attribute base motivatings and double dealing to a rival is universal; on the other hand, everything that one’s own country does is outstanding and noble and of pure purpose. And of course an enemy is always a scoundrel.

The extremes to which this sort of thinking will drive people are often times laughable. I do not forget two nice old ladies from New England stopping a returned war correspondent on Fifth Avenue to question him regarding sure stories they had heard of war prisoners in German hands.

“Was it unfeigned that the Germans prodded prisoners with bayonets and kicked them, too, to make them walk faster?”

“Well, war’s a tough game,” answered the correspondent who was a bit fed up with

the whole business.

“It’s dog eat dog, and each army has men in it who go in for rough stuff.

You have to, in a fight!”

“Oh!” gasped the ladies, all aflutter, “But not our boys!

They’re too noble.” 18

Howard V. O’Brien, an AEF officer stationed in Paris, wrote an illuminating statement in his 1918 diary:

“Acquaintance growing up amidst dissimilar regions of U.S. Oregon reg’t and

outfit from Boston on same ship. Mass. boys at initial dubious of “wild” Westerners-which had most eminent percentage of college men and in general bien élevé of any outfit I’ve seen. Most refractory bunch yet encountered, from Alabama. Pistol toters. G.O. [general order] ruled rods out. After that, all scrapping Marquis of Queensberry, and various good lickings helped.” 19

Victor L. Hicken, in his book The American Fighting Man, states:

“As far as the fear of the German soldier for the American soldier in 1917

was concerned, there is a good deal of basis for this contention. A French officer, observing the Yanks, wrote: “He arrived a born soldier….I think the Germans are scared of him.” Rumor disseminate behind the German lines that it didn’t remunerate to fight well versus the Americans; for they seldom permitted the Germans to surrender after putting up a stiff fight. One American regimental history, that of the “Rainbow Division,” substantiates this possibleness by claiming that it is men “fought to kill,” and that few prisoners were commonly taken. Indeed, the facts on the “Rainbow Division” show that, for the amount of fighting the section did, very few prisoners were taken.” 20

A German is reported to have said:

“I did not meet the Americans on the battlefields but I have talked with German soldiers who did. These soldiers were versus the Rainbow Division near Verdun and said they don’t want such fighting as they came across there. The Americans were always encouraging and acted more like wild men than soldiers.” 21

In Americans in Battle, we read:

“An historian of the Rainbow Division admits that it is men fought to kill, an admittance borne out by the mere 1,317 prisoners taken by the division.” 22

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